| The attributes and artistic elements of Chinese dances |
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| Wednesday, 27 January 2010 11:11 | |||
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By Huanru Zhang, TCCDC Artistic Director China is a multi-cultural country, with 56 different ethnicities. Each of these ethnicities has their own folk culture and dances. Chinese classical dance incorporates dance elements from these ethnic dances, Chinese operas, Chinese martial art forms and folk operas. Over time these have merged, forming the unique system that we call Chinese classical dance today. It has been refined, redeveloped and rejuvenated over thousands of years. Attributes of Chinese Dances The lineage of many of the dances can be traced back to the Royal Court dances of the culture of the Zhou, Tang, and Song Dynasties 5,000 years ago, where the character of the nation was expressed through dance, incorporating movements influenced by folk stories, historic figures and classic myths and legends, and expressing society’s respect for morality, compassion, loyalty, wisdom, and trustworthiness. It represents a unique system with diversity of movement, refinement of form, and richness of character and culture. Chinese dance requires the dancers to undergo strict physical training. Actions and movements called “body techniques” need to be accurate and precise, and every action, movement and look needs to follow the preset rules. The body techniques stress beauty in various forms like "twist, tilt, round, curve, lookup, stoop, turn, roll". Furthermore, it emphasizes that inner spirit should initiate body movements. Performers not only need to master the techniques of Chinese dance, but also perfect their moral character and willpower in order to portray the fundamental inner meaning of the Chinese culture. It is not hard to trace an evolving line of succession from the many relics of ancient times that bore images of dancers from various dynasties. Historical evidence can be seen in unearthed tomb figurines and the Dunhuang frescoes. Signature movements in Qin and Han Dynasty dance figurines highlighted “crouching". During the Tang Dynasty dance highlighted the curves of a female body. Chinese dance has also incorporated from traditional folk dance such as Jiaozhou Yang Ge the twist, turn and soft yet hard stomps. It has also adopted the ocean wave like, reach, block and twist steps from Ocean Yang Ge and the tilted body from Flower-drum Lantern dance famous in FengYang. From Chinese Opera, it incorporated Zi Wu look, YingYang face and the body twists unique to Chinese dance. You can also see the Dragon and Monkey styles from Chinese Martial Arts. Every element of the body techniques in Chinese dance from Curving, Turning, Twisting, Tilting and Rounding, when combined well, demonstrates the beauty of the human body. Every body part including head, neck, chest, waist, hips, shoulder, elbow, wrist, arm, palm to knee, ankle and foot all have their own specific requirements for movement. ShenYun, roughly translated as body rhythm, is the most important Chinese classical dance performance technique. It focuses on "Shape, spirit, strength and pattern” as the four basic elements of body rhythm and form. Shape refers to the external action, gesture and movement connected with the movement line. Spirit means internal senses and mind playing the role of leading the thinking and determining movements. Strength is the force, guiding the severity, urgency, strong vs. weak, long vs. short, rigid vs. flexible part of the movement. Pattern indicates the execution by defined dance standards. These four elements integrated together yield an internal and external unity where the heart can be combined with the mind; the mind can be combined with energy; energy combined with the strength and strength combined with shapes. People often say that "the eyes are windows into the soul”. While the eyes of "gather, put, condensate and close” does not mean that the eye movement itself, but rather is subject to the domination of internal psychological connections and the rhythm of internal spirit. “Before the movement takes shape, there has to be spirit first; when the shape has vanished the spirit lingers”. The Chinese dance theory combined with the dance elements of body techniques formed a high degree of unity, harmonization, composition and dance aesthetic theory with unique Chinese characteristics. Rhythm is very prominent in Chinese classical dance and has an inseparable connection with Chinese music. Compared with
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